In late 2007, Virgin Enterprises successfully opposed the registration of “VIRGIN CANDLES” in Israel. The applicant sought to register the TM in association with candles. The Israel Patent and Trademark Office accepted that because Virgin is a famous TM and had a large range of products and widespread international distribution, a likelihood of confusion did exist [1]. Would such a claim succeed in Canada?
One of the leading Supreme Court of Canada cases regarding famous marks is the Mattel case [2]. The makers of Barbie dolls and accessories opposed the TM application for registration of “BARBIE’s and design” by the owners of a “bar-and-grill” type restaurant named Barbie’s. If in the opposition proceedings the applicant could prove that there was no likelihood of confusion between the applicant’s mark and the opposing party’s mark, the applicant was entitled to registration. The Mattel case, therefore, involved an analysis of s. 6 of the Trade-marks Act and the potential impact the status as a famous mark has on the determination of likelihood of confusion.
S. 6(5) lists out the relevant factors for determining whether TMs are confusing and instructs the court or registrar to consider “all the surrounding circumstances” including a list of five factors (a) through (e). The court concluded that in considering confusion the totality of circumstances dictates the weight to attach to each consideration. Fame of the mark is but one consideration which could have more or less weight depending on the other circumstances. After considering the factors in s. 6(5), the court turned to an analysis of the other surrounding circumstances including the fame of the mark as well as the absence of any actual confusion and concluded that the TM Registrar had not been unreasonable in the weighing of considerations and dismissed Mattel’s appeal.
Given the undeniable widespread fame of the Barbie mark, no matter what people might say about the impossible body dimensions and empty-headed blonde image, it is surprising that this fame was not enough for the court to grant extra protection. After all, as a casual consumer somewhat in a hurry, I might hear Barbie’s restaurant and think it was a Barbie doll-themed restaurant, especially in a culture where licensing of brands for use on everything from clothes to toys to restaurants is commonplace.
It was accepted in the Barbie case, that one of the purposes of 1953 amendments to TM legislation was to give, and indeed did give, greater protection to famous marks. Certainly there does seem to be something unfair about the fame of a mark being able to transcend other factors in the confusion analysis, but if fame is but one factor, in what manner do famous marks receive the broader ambit of protection? One important fact was that the Barbie TM was only famous in the limited field of dolls and accessories. In Mattel, the court specifically mentioned Virgin Enterprises as being an example of a famous TM which has been used in connection with an almost limitless diversity of wares and services but because such an example was not before the court, no pronouncement was made. A quick search of the CIPO TM database reveals Virgin has registered TMs for such diverse wares and services including soft-drinks, mobile phones and telecommunication services, transportation of goods and passengers by air, road, rail and sea and the arrangement of such travel, wines and entertainment services. If fame in a limited field is not sufficient, then surely fame in such a broad variety of wares and services would surely provide justification to attribute a lot of weight to the fame of this mark just as the Israel Office did.
While I might agree Virgin should be granted extra protection from a legal perspective, it is important to ask whether such a result would be a good thing from a policy perspective. The owners of famous marks have invested very large amounts of time and money into developing the reputation and goodwill in their brands and should be entitled to greater protection. One of the underlying principles of TM law, however, is to protect TM owners from unfair competition. It seems unlikely that the businessman who names his candle business Virgin candles because the candles are made from olive oil could be said to be unfair competition to Virgin Enterprises. It seems more unfair to preclude small-scale business owners from using a TM which has a similar name to a famous mark, especially where the TM lends itself to their particular products and services.
[1] See http://blog.ipfactor.co.il/2007/11/10/david-loses-virgin-to-goliath/ for brief comment.
[2] Mattel, Inc. v. 3894207 Canada Inc., [2006] 1 SCR 772.
One Response
I believe the unfairness in the Virgin Candles case is rooted in the common use of the word ‘virgin’. Although Virgin Enterprises may be involved in a plethora of different industries, the word ‘virgin’ is connected to ideas and images that fall outside the Virgin Enterprises brand, such as the Virgin Mary or virgin olive oil. The Hadiabucks Café incident [1] is another example of the unfairness that can result when trade-marks with common words are enforced. In the Hadia Nation on the Queen Charlotte Islands, the word ‘bucks’ is commonly used to refer to young men. The owners of a restaurant were Hadia men and so they named it Hadiabucks. Starbucks threatened to sue Hadiabucks for trademark infringement. Starbucks eventually gave up its claim of trademark infringement in the face of bad publicity as the public recognized the unfairness of a company being able to monopolize the use of a common word. Likewise in Mattel, Inc v. 3894207 Canada, the court found that a trade-mark using words of a general nature cannot be protected to the extent that the word can only associated with that trade-mark [2]. Given the court’s desire to look at the totality of the effect of the mark and the surrounding circumstances [4], a Virgin Candles situation is unlikely to occur in Canada.
[1] Lane Baldwin, Latest News, online: .
[2] Mattel, Inc. v. 3894207 Canada Inc., [2006] 1 SCR 772 at para 75.
[3] Ibid at para 76.
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